This article needs additional citations for. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: – ( November 2016) CT-114/CL-41 TutorSnowbirds flying the Canadair Tutor c. 2005Role,National originCanadaManufacturerFirst flight13 JanuaryRetired2000 as a trainer StatusSmall numbers currently in flying condition for testing and aerobatic demonstrationPrimary usersProduced1963–1966Number built212The Canadair CT-114 Tutor (company model CL-41) was the (RCAF), and later, standard between the early 1960s and 2000. It was designed and produced by Canadian aircraft manufacturer.Development commenced as a private venture by the company. On 13 January 1960, the prototype performed its; a year and a half later, the Canadian Government placed a major order for the type.
The RCAF would be the dominant user of the type, but a limited number were exported as well. Specifically, the CL-41G model, which was supplied to the (RMAF), served as a ground-attack aircraft up until its withdrawal.The Tutor served as the Canadian Forces primary jet trainer from the 1960s up until 2000, at which point it was finally retired from this role, having been replaced by a combination of the newer British-built and American-built. While the majority of Tutors have been retired, a small handful of aircraft are currently still being used by the RCAF’s aerobatics team, as well as by the (AETE) for test purposes.
Contents.Development Origins The beginnings of the CL-41 Tutor can be found in a decision by Canadian aircraft manufacturer to develop their own indigenous trainer aircraft as a private venture. The design itself was the product of the company’s in-house Preliminary Design department.
By August 1957, the basic configuration of the design had been completed, which was of a -powered, low-wing aircraft, complete with a and a side-by-side cockpit arrangement. From the onset of development, the aircraft was intended to be a purpose-built trainer for providing elementary jet flight training, as well as additional training up to an advanced level.Reportedly, one critical area of design was the positioning of the (fin). The CL-41 was intended to demonstrate; if the fin is set too far forward, a spin cannot be initiated, yet if it is too far aft, recovery becomes impossible. The optimum position was determined via repeated tests using scale model. The original Tutor wind-tunnel model had featured a configuration; this arrangement was revised to the design used for production aircraft by removing the portion above the horizontal. Early on, despite a lack of official backing for the endeavour from the Canadian Government, the 's (RCAF) Directorate of Training’s Jet Trainer Liaison Committee had closely engaged with Canadair; their involvement in the project had reportedly made a significant impact in the final design of the aircraft.
Both the Canadian Government and Canadair committed financing towards the production of a pair of flight-capable prototypes, as well as multiple static airframes. This early manufacturing activity was performed in a secretive fashion at the company’s Plant 4 facility, which housed Canadair’s Missiles & Systems division. Flight testing On 13 January 1960, the prototype performed its, flown by project pilot Ian MacTavish. Originally, the first flight has been scheduled to take place in early 1959, but had been delayed due to issues relating to engine development. While the prototype was powered by a single turbojet engine, this would be substituted for by a powerplant for the subsequent production aircraft that followed. This change of engine had required no redesign as the fuselage had been developed to accommodate a wide range of engines without structural modification being necessary; in addition to the JT12A-5 and J85, the, the, the, and the had been studied during the early stages of design work.During March 1960, an RCAF survey team performed a series of preliminary flight evaluations of the CL-41 prototype over the course of one week; prior to this, the team had evaluated various trainers from, the, and the as well. According to aviation historian Bill Upton, those who flew the prototype universally praised the aircraft for its favourable handling and performance.
The prototypes were subject to an extensive regime of tests, some of which falling outside the traditional scope of such activities. Design The CT-114 Tutor is a single-engine -powered trainer aircraft. It was purpose-designed for the training role, and possesses numerous favourable qualities, including a high level of reliability and favourable operating economics. It is capable of a wide performance range, possessing a top speed at altitude of 795 kmh and a diving speed of 885 kmh against a relatively low of 71kt. The Tutor is furnished with manual flight controls, which incorporate. It is intentionally aerodynamically stable in flight, a factor which traditionally has aided in the training of fresh pilots unfamiliar with the demands of flight.The Tutor features a side-by-side cockpit. During standard operations, the observing instructor was seated on the right-hand side and the flying student pilot on the left; normally, only the left-hand side normally featured full flight controls.
However, following experiences with the Snowbirds display team, a number of aircraft were reconfigured with extra controls so that they would be flyable from either position. The cabin, which is fitted with a rear-hinged over both crew members, can be to a differential of 3 (20 ), the equivalent to an altitude of about 2,000 m, for pilot comfort. For aerial display purposes, the Tutor was readily capable of being fitted with a smoke generator, including a pair of under-fuselage pods to house the pressurized used; the use of red dye in the smoke was discontinued fairly quickly as it was found to be highly.
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Various other modifications would also be made to display aircraft; these could be routinely installed and uninstalled as airframes would regularly be exchanged between display and training flights. Operational history Overview. CT-114 Tutors belonging to parked on the ramp at, 1982During September 1961, the Canadian government, having been impressed by the performance of the prototype and being keen to support local industry, placed a sizeable order for 190 examples of the production variant, referred to as the CL-41A, on behalf of the (RCAF). Upon its adoption, the aircraft received the Canadian unified aircraft designation of CT-114 Tutor. The majority of the type were stationed at, in; the Central Flying School at, also made heavy use of the Tutor.Serving as a primary trainer platform, the Tutor would be used in this capacity for over thirty years. During 1976, the Canadian Forces decided to have 113 of the remaining aircraft furnished with upgraded avionics and provisions for a pair of belly-mounted 41 US gal (155 l). By 1998, it was reported that around 120 examples of the type were still in regular service with the Canadian Forces.
During 2000, the majority of Tutors were retired, the type having been succeeded as the RCAF’s principal training aircraft by a combination of the newer British-built and American-built. Since then, it has continued to be used in limited numbers by the service for both experimental (by the (AETE) at, ) and aerial display purposes. By 2019, there were 24 examples registered as in service with the RCAF. Aerobatics. CT-114 Tutor of the Canadian display teamDuring 1967, a batch of ten Tutors were modified for use as a formation aerobatic aircraft by the RCAF (and later the unified ) display team, the to celebrate Canada's centennial year. At the end of the 1967 season, the display team was disbanded, thus its aircraft returned to routine training duties. In 1971, a new formation team was formed at 2CFFTS (Two Canadian Forces Flying Training School) at CFB Moose Jaw, once again adopted the type.
The following year, the name ' was chosen for the team; during 1978, the team received squadron status as 431 Air Demonstration Squadron. Since its formation, the Snowbirds display team has regularly performed at and special events, including the annual on over the capital city,. According to journalist Guy Norris, a defining trait of their aerobatics is the physically-demanding formation flights performed, as well locally-developed manoeuvres such as the ‘Big Goose’. Unlike most display teams, the Snowbirds do not have a support aircraft; all spares and useful material could be carried by the aircraft themselves in storage areas located in the nose or the.Those Tutors used by the Snowbirds feature several modifications distinguishing them from standard examples, these include a, an highly-recognisable paint scheme unique to the display team, and a highly-tuned engine for greater responsiveness during low-level flying. Reportedly, display pilots would deliberately fly their aircraft using an above-average level of nose-down trim so that pushing the stick down would become unnecessary. The Snowbird’s aircraft would regularly be cycled with standard training aircraft, allowing the team to operate airframes with comparatively low accumulated flight hours. Overseas and proposed uses Canadair also developed an armament training and light attack variant, designated CL-41G.
This model was powered by an uprated engine and fitted with underwing, the latter of which allowed for the carriage of various external stores, including up to 4,000 lb (1814 kg) of weapons and drop tanks. During March 1966, the (RMAF) ordered a batch of twenty (serials M-22-01 to M22-11) examples of the CL-41G-5 Tebua' (which means in the ) aircraft as (COIN) aircraft. In 1967, the Tebuan entered service in. The RMAF operated the type in excess of twenty years, the last Tebuan being withdrawn from service during June 1986, having been replaced by the A. Following their retirement, the majority of the fleet was retained and placed into local storage for over a decade.One other experimental variant was developed, designated CL-41R, which was fitted with the nose of a, as a proposed electronic systems trainer for future RCAF CF-104 pilots. A single airframe ( CF-LTX-X) was constructed to demonstrate the concept, however, the R model did not attract any orders and thus never went into production.
As of August 2019, the airframe was awaiting restoration at the. Variants CL-41 Two prototypes, CF-LTW-X and CF-LTX-X used for company engineering and testing program CL-41A A total of 190 trainers produced for RCAF and CF use as the CT-114. A number were modified with smoke generating systems and other modifications for the Snowbirds aerobatic team CL-41G Unique version for the Royal Malayan Air Force (RMAF).
A total of 20 ground-attack variants, known as the 'Tebuan' in service with RMAF. CL-41R One conversion of CF-LTX-X with a nose grafted on to demonstrate the use of CF-104/ radar and avionics; no production examples were built. Operators. (CT-114 Tutor).
display team 1967. 1964–1999. ('Snowbirds' display team) 1971–present. (CL-41G Tebuan). 6 Squadron 1967–1985.
9 Squadron 1967–1985. Training Division FTC 1966 or 1967– retired and replaced with A-4 PTM SkyhawksAircraft on display.
CT-114 cockpitAlthough the CL-41 Tutor has been retired from active training, 22 Tutors continue to fly with the Canadian Forces Snowbirds and the Aerospace Engineering Test Establishment at. A number of airframes are held in reserve for future deployment as replacement Snowbird aircraft.As of August 2011, there were three CL-41Gs and one CT-114 on the, while none were so registered in Canada.During 2001, a CL-41G was given to in by actor. Dishlevoy 2005, pp. 8–10. ^ Norris 1998, p.
22. ^ Upton, Bill. Canadian Aviation Historical Society, Retrieved: 31 May 2019. ^ Norris 1998, pp. 22-23.
^ Norris 1998, p. 23. ^ airforce.forces.gc.ca, Retrieved: 31 May 2019. Retrieved 19 December 2018.
Retrieved 8 October 2015. Retrieved 19 December 2018. Reynolds Museum. Government of Alberta. Retrieved 1 December 2019., August 2011. Retrieved: 15 August 2011., August 2011.
Retrieved: 15 August 2011., August 2011. Retrieved: 15 August 2011. Ross, Bob. January 5, 2008, at the Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, November 2001.
Retrieved: 6 September 2009. Green 1964, p. 470.Bibliography. Dishlevoy, Roy W. 'Hatching the Snowbirds: The Canadair CL-41/CT-114 Tutor, Its Early History Remembered.' CAHS Journal, Vol, 45, No. 1, Spring 2007.
Green, William. Macdonald Aircraft Handbook. London: Macdonald & Co. (Publishers) Ltd., 1964. Molson, Ken M. And Harold A.
Canadian Aircraft Since 1909. Stittsville, Ontario: Canada's Wings, Inc., 1982. Norris, Guy. ‘’’’, 6 January 1998. Pp. 22–23. Pickler, Ron and Larry Milberry. Canadair: The First 50 Years.
Toronto: Canav Books, 1995.External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to.
The nation of Canada once managed a thriving aviation industry until politics and economics doomed its status. The industry saw a great evolution in the years following World War 2 (1939-1945) at a time when the jet age was taking hold of air services around the globe. The concern of Canadiar was founded during the war years in 1944 and had managed a name for itself into the new millennium (now falling under the Bombardier Aerospace brand label). Throughout its storied history, the company put forth a healthy resume of locally-designed and foreign-born aircraft.
The Canadair CT-114 'Tutor' (company model 'CL-41') was a product of the Cold War period and emerged in the early 1960s for the trainer role. At its core it was a conventional twin-seat (side-by-side seating), jet-powered type with straight wing appendages. The line saw operational use into 2000 with 212 examples built from the period spanning 1963 until 1966. However, the CT-114 found few takers overseas with just Malaysia becoming the sole foreign operator and these operated until 1985 before being succeeded by the Italian Aermacchi MB339.
The CT-114 also served as the mount of choice for the 'Golden Centennaires', the Royal Canadian Air Force's aerobatic flight demonstration team.
The Canadair CT-114 'Tutor' (company model 'CL-41') was a product of the Cold War period and emerged in the early 1960s for the trainer role. At its core it was a conventional twin-seat (side-by-side seating), jet-powered type with straight wing appendages. The line saw operational use into 2000 with 212 examples built from the period spanning 1963 until 1966. However, the CT-114 found few takers overseas with just Malaysia becoming the sole foreign operator and these operated until 1985 before being succeeded by the Italian Aermacchi MB339.
The CT-114 also served as the mount of choice for the 'Golden Centennaires', the Royal Canadian Air Force's aerobatic flight demonstration team.